The programme – of which no doubt others will follow – appears to be another example of the successful meeting of minds that engineering teams at Jaguar and Ricardo enjoy.
The choice of Ricardo as Jaguar’s engineering
partner “was logical”, according to the Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex business; it
had already played a significant role in engineering all-wheel drive (AWD) variants
of Jaguar XJ and XF.
The latest contract further reinforces a close
relationship that has developed over recent years between the two companies,
especially as Ricardo has operations in the UK’s Midlands area, close to Jaguar’s
Whitley engineering centre.
An AWD F-TYPE created an even greater
challenge for Ricardo given the sports car’s extremely low stance and trim,
compact lines. With these, there was little opportunity, as Ricardo engineers
might have wished, to grow the car’s envelope to absorb additional hardware.
The magnitude of the challenge that faced Ricardo
engineers cannot be over-stated. As might be visualised from F-TYPE’s configuration,
namely front-engine with automatic transmission rear-wheel drive, to implement
AWD implies complication and added weight – namely the transfer-box to take drive
forward to the front axle (above).
Sensible way forward
In
addition, of course, embracing AWD means adding a differential and drive-shafts
to the front axle where previously there were none. To add to engineers’ headaches,
the drive shaft would need to pass beneath the engine and, to top it up, Jaguar
required Ricardo’s engineers to maintain “satisfactory weight distribution”.
The only sensible way forward to
circumnavigate the constraints would be through the beauty of simulation.
“We used our simulation expertise here,
reducing the actual weight increase to below the targets set for the project,”
claims Steve Pendrey, Ricardo chief engineer. “The ride height could not be
raised as that would have a detrimental effect not just on F-TYPE’s dynamics,
but the visual effect would impact adversely on its design and would also
increase aerodynamic drag.”
According to Ricardo, such a radical change to
such a radical car would have far-reaching implications for other critical
areas. It was important not to affect the “unmistakable Jaguar character of
Jaguar DNA” in any way.
Confirms Pendry: “Neither the design attributes,
nor the vehicle dynamics or NVH attributes could be compromised.”
And one can imagine when Penrdy says “We
needed to go into an exceptional amount of detail to satisfy the core team at Jaguar
and deliver the result with the minimum of intervention and support,” that he
is referring to just the tip of an iceberg. Nine-tenths of Ricardo’s work is
hidden from view.
Adding AWD to a sports car originally intended
as a rear-wheel drive automatic has a major impact on many of the car’s attributes,
not the least of which being vehicle dynamics.
Premium level of refinement
Introducing
a driven front axle could would likely impact on one such critical attribute –
vehicle dynamics – one that gives a Jaguar its sporting characteristic, and one
that can be traced back even before the E-Type.
A modern Jaguar’s DNA comprises more than fine
performance, handling and road-holding; premium levels of refinement and ride
quality carry equal levels of importance.
It can be visualised too that accommodating additional,
major mechanical components within an existing envelope would impose their own
set of challenges, notwithstanding the added burden imposed by changing the
drive-line whilst still protecting the NVH attribute. On top of this had to be
superimposed the attributes of vehicle dynamics, performance, economy and driveability.
All are key elements of the F-TYPE’s character
and with no compromise acceptable on any. Such was the extent of the challenge
that faced Ricardo’s engineers when they embarked on their challenging
assignment.
Inevitably, some suspension hard points had to
change and this required substantial CAE work to ensure that existing vehicle
dynamics, handling and steering feel would not in any way be impaired.
Customers could reasonably expect that an AWD
F-TYPE should feel and perform at least as good, if not even better, than the
existing car.
In effect, Ricardo had to make a major, inner
transformation which outwardly should not materially impact on either
appearance or all-round performance.
One of Ricardo’s biggest challenges of course
was that of packaging: fitting in various new components with the minimum of
disturbance. But in car design, introducing even one single, major component
has a knock-on effect around the car.
The biggest challenge
For
example, in this case, accommodating the front differential and drive-shaft, the
former of which is a significant item, not only in terms of size but weight,
alone has major packaging implications.
Inevitably, Ricardo engineers had to design a
new aluminium sub-frame, along with new front knuckles through which the drive
could be taken. These components in turn required new lower arms, and so it
went on.
The new sub-frame “slightly raised engine
height” in the car to allow the front driveshaft to pass underneath. Other knock-on
considerations were turning circle and wheel and tyre envelopes.
Further, changes to engine installation
inevitably required revision of other aspects, such as location of air intakes,
cooling air flow paths, flow lines of various hoses and pipes, and of course
location of air conditioning units. Equally important, the exhaust manifold and
associated pipework needed rejigging to ensure necessary all-round clearances.
Over-arching these was another prime requirement:
any changes could not be allowed to adversely affect crash worthiness as “re-engineering
front-end crash structures would be out of the question”.
Added to which, the vital aspect of pedestrian
safety of any car centres on clearance between bonnet and the hard points
located below it to mitigate pedestrian injury in the event of a collision.
This consideration opened up a further knock-on
effect; one that Jaguar engineers could not ignore. As engine height had been
raised slightly, and pedestrian injury clearances had to restored, Jaguar engineers
were faced with little alternative. Even allowing for some reworking of the
engine cover to ensure maximum clearance, engineers had to design another
critical component – the bonnet; this is one component that body designers can agonise
over for weeks. In this case, their new design had to contain an increase in
the size of the power-bulge specifically to meet the AWD derivative’s demands.
The crunch point
In
a nutshell, this was the crunch. If product planners wanted AWD they would also
have to accept a more potent power-bulge with its implications for die makers
and the press shop
Of course, also, further along the car, the specification
of ZF’s eight-speed ‘Quickshft’ automatic transmission required a transfer case
to take power from the rear of the transmission to the front differential,
causing “slight changes” to be made to the transmission tunnel.
The transfer case includes a wet clutch-pack
to control torque split between front and rear axles. Jaguar engineers developed
a new software control system, dubbed Intelligent Driveline Dynamics – IDD, to
handle this torque split.
Russ Varney puts his finger on the nub of the
matter. As Jaguar’s vehicle programme director he proclaims: “What we require
of our AWD system in F-TYPE is optimal traction in all weather conditions.
Preserving the Jaguar DNA and sports car character means rear-drive feel and
steering without any corruption. The key to this is IDD. It allows us to
provide torque on demand – only delivering torque to the front wheels when it
is required to enhance traction.”
“That means we get great steering precision
and the efficiency of a rear-wheel drive car, but with the additional traction
through the front wheels precisely delivered to match the driver’s command to
enhance traction, the road surface and the driving situation,” he adds.
In normal driving, all torque is directed to
the rear wheels. When required, torque is “smoothly and progressively
apportioned to the front axle in a few milliseconds”.
As well as front-rear torque split using the
transfer box, IDD manages the interaction of the rear electronic active differential
(EAD) to enhance traction of the V8 engine, torque vectoring by braking (TVbD)
and Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) to maintain stability.
Algorithms within IDD’s controller continually
estimate surface friction with the controller using yaw rate, steering wheel
angle, wheel speed, and lateral and longitudinal acceleration sensors. It also
takes into account of the Driving Dynamics mode selected by the driver.
Ricardo claims its work was delivered “on time”
while the “depth of thinking and diligence paid off once again”.
Ricardo makes the point that “however skilled an
engineering team might be, a fresh set of eyes on a project can often pay
dividends”.
However, while the merits are obvious of ‘farming
out’ a high-profile drive-line option to a high-profile specialist automotive
company with specialist experience in driveline, especially for
high-performance cars, it is more than likely there is a handful of engineers
in Jaguar who would love to “have a crack” at tackling such a programme in
house, given there is always the risk of it diverting attention from other
main-line programmes which have to be pushed through on time.
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